Smoking in condo balcony singapore

Smoking in condo balcony singapore. Smoking in Common … Various municipalities around the State have adopted ordinances prohibiting smoking, most notably, the City of Belmont, whose ordinance declares that secondhand smoke is a public nuisance and forbids smoking in apartments, townhouses, condominiums, and any other residential dwelling where there is a shared common floor or ceiling. Before you decide to sign the lease for the apartment/condo unit, first check with their by-laws and see if they allow grilling in the building. DO Read The Apr 6, 2012 · Most condos disallow smoking within the premises. Balconies are undoubtedly a luxury in Singapore, and if you are lucky enough to lay claim to a piece of exterior living space, you will want to maximise its potential. Of course a condo can pass a rule or bylaw prohibiting smoking on balconies that would bind any tenants in the building but that's not the Smoke Free Ontario Act that's the Condo Act. 15m (10-15cm) allowance to each side of the measurement. Remember the smoke will travel up into other peoples living space so people are very likely to complain if windows are open / washing on balcony etc. Jun 1, 2016 · Smoking is allowed in private areas such as your own home or in your car. co offers genuine photos Price Videos remote viewing map view to enhance your home viewing experience. Established in 2009, RH2S has grown fast for the last few years. Always smoking at late hours. Jan 1, 2021 · In Singapore, smoking is defined as the inhaling or expelling of smoke of tobacco or any other substance. (Laguna Woods, for example, went so far as to prohibit smoking tobacco on the patio or balcony of private residences. A few months ago, the board adopted a policy to ban smoking on balconies. It was not an outright ban. Weather Resistance Each condo will have it's own rules. Apr 14, 2021 · 5. windows are fully wound up) in smoking prohibited places. Silberberg et al, a condominium corporation obtained an order prohibiting the unit owners, Mr. It gets into your neighbors homes. Singapore Tourism I think smoking weed applies same rule with cigarette smoking. The URA has also provided balcony enclosure guidelines that you can refer to before making any renovations on your balcony. Oct 5, 2020 · Sir, for me the most alarming thing is this. Elegant condo balcony. Singapore Statutes Online is provided by the Legislation Division of the Singapore Attorney-General's Chambers Smoking (Prohibition in Certain Places) Regulations 2018 - Singapore Statutes Online Jun 19, 2023 · The last transaction was in February this year, for a 958 sq. Mar 20, 2018 · 1 East Broward Blvd. 1. View on Map Oct 6, 2020 · Speech by Mr. On the other hand, to capture the act of smoking at windows and balconies, the cameras will need to point and focus on the windows and balconies of the suspected units to detect the smoking act. SECTION 6. Tel: (954) 987-7550 Fax: (954) 985-4176. Premier Queen with Balcony at 20% off per night for Smoking Room Hotel in Singapore with code "nuvesmk". Here in this condominium apartment, a simple set-up consisting of right-sized furnishings and plush cushions makes for the perfect spot for a weekend hangout. RH2S currently has over 20 teams and has won many nominations like Business Trust Award Top 100 Excellence Award, Start Merchant Award and Singapore Trusted Enterprise Award and Best Consumer Choice Award. The second reason is maintenance. I quit because I knew that secondhand smoke will We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. A ban is not the silver bullet to this issue. and Mrs. Silberberg, from smoking on their balcony in contravention of the condominium rules. —In all enclosed places that are open to the general public, private workplaces and other places not covered under the preceding section, where smoking may expose a person other than the smoker to tobacco smoke Over the past forty years, the United States has experienced a sweeping movement to ban smoking from just about everywhere. Aug 22, 2022 · 09. We continue to receive questions and comments about our recent columns on smoking (here and here) as well as the rules that condominiums and other associations are putting into place… Apr 6, 2012 · Most condos disallow smoking within the premises. Provincial and territorial governments legislate where it is legal to smoke or vape cannabis. You said that "the ill-health effects of secondhand smoke are well established. 2. Implementing Smoke-Free Policies: Condo associations have the option to adopt smoke-free Apr 8, 2013 · In addition, local ordinances may prohibit individuals from smoking tobacco at public and/or private property. If you do not live in smoke-free housing, your lease may contain language prohibiting tenants 4. My condo the fine was 2,000 Baht for each incident and it was written in the condon association rules. Some common condo community use areas include connecting balconies or decks, common pool areas, grilling stations, laundry rooms, and hallways. Smokers on the balconies also have a tendency to flick away the spent cigarette, which can land on balconies below and has caused fires when they land on furniture or plants. Smoking in Balconyis there a law against Sep 26, 2022 · In particular, there has been vocal public concern over smoking within homes, with many calling for a ban on smoking at windows and balconies. Many condominium owners’ associations (COA) have adopted smoking bans that prohibit owners from smoking in common areas and even inside their own living space. Jun 12, 2020 · Condo boards can amend the rules and regulations to prohibit smoking, but how can they enforce the new rule? Enforcing no smoking rules in condos. This happens to be the time when my family likes Oct 3, 2023 · While the SFAA does not outright ban smoking within private units, condos have the authority to establish their own rules regarding smoking within individual units. Aug 4, 2023 · When smoking complaints arise, such as complaints of smoking on balconies, condo boards must respond promptly and effectively. This change was introduced to reduce smoking prevalence and limit access to tobacco. Every time they smoked at the balcony in the night and it wafted up to my side, I went to ring the bell or knocked on the A few decades ago, you could see smoking everywhere and people smoking in bars, restaurants, and even parks. Due to the complaints, the applicable rule was changed to prohibit […] Dec 26, 2018 · (a) any ventilation intake of the building; (b)any external window or other opening that opens into or onto any interior part of the building; or (c)any part of the entrance to or exit from any such building while either public access to the building, or access usually available by the entrance or exit to enable the building to be used in a way it is ordinarily used, is available by that Grilling on condo balcony . true. Check with your Management Committee Strata Title (MCST) or developer for the approved balcony screen design, if any. Mr Ng has been getting feedback from residents in his constituency about this problem, particularly after stay-home curbs began in April Sep 13, 2021 · SINGAPORE - Existing public nuisance laws can and should be used to deter smokers from lighting up near windows and on balconies, to minimise the effects of second-hand smoke on neighbours, said But at least 2 of our neighbours (2 different apartments) smoke daily on their balcony, and even more so on the weekends. Strata bylaws to address smoking. In October 2020, Louis Ng a Member of Parliament called for a ban on residents smoking near windows or at the balconies of HDB flats and private apartments arguing that second hand smoke is a “public health concern”, while at the same time noting that some 383 people in Singapore had died from second hand smoke. Sep 11, 2023 · Make your balcony condo area an elegant one. Singapore. So when he smoked at 1am, I was still awake and could smell it. it does not mention private areas. Bought that statement piece you want to show off to the world so badly? Show it off from your balcony, you get better visibility. Are you a condominium owner interested in securing smoking restrictions in your building, including inside individual units? If you're like other condominium owners, you know how smoke can travel from one unit to another, creating health risks and unpleasant smells, and diminishing property value. We shall explore both options from the typical list of consideration factors to choose which balcony decking to do. View on Map Feb 13, 2023 · For example, someone could be prohibited from smoking on their balcony (restricted common areas). It must be submitted to the general meeting of co-owners and be adopted by a majority and in the required form, depending on whether it is an amendment to the by-laws of the immovable or to the constituting act . Nov 22, 2017 · I live in a condominium and the people living two floors below me smoke constantly on their balcony from the minute they get home in the evening. Strata corporations (or sections) can create a bylaw, by a 3/4 vote of owners, or create a rule to limit or ban smoking. Sat & Sun: 10am – 7pm It was a renter in a condo. While newer condos have improved on this, balconies can represent quite a bit of What do you think? Question: As an owner of condo for 28 years and cigarette smoker inside condo, a new owner moved across the hall 2 years ago and now wants the board to forbid smoking in condo units (inside and outside of buildings). e. Besides privacy concerns arising from such deployments, the limited range of thermal cameras, which are often needed for more accurate detection, makes Balconies and roof terraces are notorious for terrible, life threatening cat falls. State and local governments have slowly but surely taken action against smoking to mitigate the health risks related to the act. What do you do with neighbours who smoke in their balconies and the second hand smoke drifts into your house? Or worse into your bedroom when you are sleeping Mar 5, 2018 · They say March comes in like a lion and out like a lamb – and for urban condo residents, it also ushers in the beginning of balcony season. This applies to the purchase, use, possession, sale, and supply of tobacco products. The first step to a classy balcony is to install high quality balcony flooring, such as a floating timber floor. None of us smoke and can't tolerate weed smell. Just because you're at the balcony and the smoke goes 'outside', it is not an endpoint. However, the condominium began to receive complaints about smoking from other people living in the building. The condominium’s rules permitted smoking on balconies. Here are 17 functional and fabulous balcony design ideas to steal from local homes: READ MORE: Feb 11, 2018 · An email from or to a board member does not count as an official record of the association no more than a statement by an individual director is an official declaration by the board. We’ve collated 10 wonderful storage ideas that are sure to get your balcony or terrace organised and looking fabulous. Smoking Room Hotel in Singapore. For many of Toronto’s high-rise residents, these cement pads in the sky provide the only private slice of outdoor living, and with a few decorative touches, can be a green oasis amid the urban jungle. Some residents of my condo complex are smoking in the hallway. In any case, the by-laws of the premises will have to be altered to ban smoking in balconies before it can be enforced. We want to make a formal complaint to our condo management, but for obviously reasons, we think we cannot use the drone footage as evidence (invasion of privacy, filming without permission etc). May 5, 2015 · This raises again the question of whether it is prohibited to smoke on condominium exclusive-use balconies or terraces. It underscores the collaboration among the government, unions, trade associations and chambers, industry and institutes of higher learning, all working collectively to realise an advanced and integrated built environment sector with progressive and collaborative Yes, condominium associations in California generally do have the ability to restrict smoking even inside the owners’ units. Dec 16, 2019 · In a recent case before the Ontario Superior Court of Justice, WCC No. Feb 26, 2015 · Location: Sengkang (condo) 4. In the Singapore heat, this arrangement works best for shadier indoor balconies. If they do, then that’s great! In my condo, smoking on balconies is forbidden as it can waft to other balconies and disturb the other residents. Take health and convenience into consideration before you puff that cigarette. First, follow the orange lines to measure the window width and height. Thus, condo associations should weigh the pros and cons of smoking before making a decision that is fair and equitable for all. Previously, smoking Mar 7, 2022 · SINGAPORE: From Jul 1, Singapore will ban smoking at three new types of premises, although enforcement will only start in October to give smokers time to adjust. This includes conducting investigations and taking appropriate action to address the concerns raised by non-smoking residents, as smoking can be considered a nuisance. unit at $2. Stone Balcony Flooring; Wooden Balcony Decking; Balcony Decking Tiles; Composite Balcony Decking; Balcony & Roof Terrace Tiles. Located on Tyrwhitt Road, Mercure Singapore Tyrwhitt is 600 metres from the ethnic enclave of Little India and the 24-hour Mustafa Shopping Centre. Next, as a rule of thumb, add a 0. Lauderdale, Florida 33301. Jan 17, 2017 · Some condominium Boards have chosen to deal with the issue of careless balcony smoking by implementing a Building Rule prohibiting smoking on all balconies. Aug 18, 2017 · However, the circular purportedly informed residents that they should not be smoking at their balconies. So there is this guy who smokes weed regularly on the balcony right down us. I’m a resident owner in a 56-unit condo building, and share a common balcony with my next-door neighbor, divided by just a short rail. Be a responsible condo resident and know the smoking etiquettes —do’s and don’ts of smoking in a condominium building. Balcony condos are without a doubt the royalty of the BTO balcony family. Really though, placing a few statement pieces out on the balcony could help to add that bit of character and grandiosity. Jul 12, 2019 · With every square metre getting more expensive, forward thinking homeowners are even converting the balcony strip into extra living space. Condo associations can prohibit smoking within units or on private balconies if they choose. We recently moved to a condo in BC. But we do see a lot of them while walking around, that people do smoke on balconies sometimes. This condo is for drivers though, as the MRT station is too far to walk. It does not magically disappear. Feb 18, 2022 · SINGAPORE: If a resident wants to complain about a neighbour's secondhand smoke coming from near their balconies or windows, "bare allegations are insufficient", said the Second Minister for Sep 10, 2021 · SINGAPORE - A Government Parliamentary Committee (GPC) has called for a ban on residents smoking near windows or on the balconies of their homes, to minimise the effects of second-hand smoke Aug 17, 2017 · Singapore News - A dispute is brewing at a condominium in Upper Thomson Road over whether residents can smoke on their own balconies. Antismoking laws generally prohibit smoking in public areas, and local laws may allow for the banning of smoking in the common areas of a property, such as the clubhouse, lobby or other commonly accessed area. If we do it too late, the smell goes all the way into our apartment (living room, kitchen, bedrooms). Per a condo in Toronto: "The Smoke-Free Ontario Act (SFOA) was introduced on May 31, 2006, as part of a strategy to reduce tobacco use and reduce second hand exposure to tobacco smoke in Ontario which specifically prohibits smoking in any common area in a condominium, including elevators, hallways, parking garages, party or entertainment rooms, laundry facilities Things to Consider When Choosing a Balcony Decking Material. As such, the designers should be aware of their role, understand the needs and requirements of the consumers and then create a product accordingly. 31 v. BuildSG is a national movement that encapsulates the spirit of collaboration in the transformation of the built environment sector. Compliance with by-laws of the apartment complex or condominium. Aug 8, 2022 · Below are some of the rules for grilling on your condo balcony. While smokers are the primary law breakers in such situations, property owners and managers may also be drawn into the suits. One #01-17, Singapore 408830. Hi, we are new in Calgary and realised all apartments or condos to rent are strictly non-smoking. When someone smokes Jun 19, 2015 · Condo Questions: Bylaw amendment required to butt out balcony smoking Q: I live in an apartment-style condominium. 60 votes, 271 comments. other areas mentioned only cover 'enclosed areas'. Singapore’s wet tropical weather doesn’t help either, and most of us prefer to be indoors. Silberberg et al, 2019 ONSC 6594, the Silberbergs smoked on their balcony from time to time. ) I recommend checking with your city ordinances to see what is already prohibited. Highly intrusive, and ignores smokers’ right to do what they want within the privacy of their homes. However, when it comes to smoking in private vehicles, drivers would need to be mindful that this is only allowed as long as no second-hand tobacco smoke is expelled (i. g. In 2016 alone, 383 people in Singapore died due to second-hand smoke. Designated Smoking and Non-smoking Areas. In British Columbia, numerous balcony fires have prompted them to review their Building Code to consider if balconies should be included in the sprinkler system. As such, they should be designed with the same strength and grandeur they command. In this scenario, is there a way to get the guy to just stop smoking on his balcony? Any help would be greatly appreciated. We have to run to our balcony multiple times a day to close the windows, so the smell doesn't get in. Temperature & Humidity — Singapore’s weather is warm and humid The smoke has to go somewhere. A condominium enacted a "no smoking at balcony" by-law back in August 2019, but one year later in September 2020, the Jul 19, 2022 · SINGAPORE — A parliamentary committee is proposing that the Government ban people from smoking near windows and at the balconies of Housing and Development Board (HDB) flats and private apartments, in order to curb the harmful effects of secondhand smoke. condominium law says that you cant smoke outside your area (balcony is still your area tho) but condo rule can state otherwise, you may be fined by condo office if it's mentioned in the rulebook. Mon to Fri: 10am – 9pm. Now I live in an HDB, no common corridor but same problem my neighbor below smokes and I can't open my balcony! In your hdb, they are doing it in a public area where smoking isn't allowed, you can complain. 99. We must do something. No. It feels uuncomfortable, not sure how to describe. public areas lang ang covered ng RA 9211. Member of Parliament Louis Ng has been a strong proponent of this ban, bringing it up twice in Parliament, including last year, when he argued for using an existing law to tackle the issue of secondhand (2) Despite any other written law, any police officer or authorised officer who, having effected an arrest in accordance with subsection (1), is satisfied as to the identity, name and place of residence of the person arrested may, instead of producing that person before a District Court or a Magistrate’s Court or to a police station, serve upon that person a notice, in such form as may be May 7, 2024 · This addresses safety and sun protection concerns that come with having open balconies. Find 10,856 Properties for Rent - Condo With Balcony in Singapore with PropertyGuru Singapore, Asia's Top Influential Brands by Influential Brands. Drop by our showroom to see the product for yourself! Showroom: 81 Ubi Ave 4, UB. I have sensitivity to cigarette smoke, and don’t believe it’s fair that the building allows smoking on the balconies. Mar 10, 2021 · Speak with a knowledgeable South Florida condominium attorney to review the specific condo rules of your condo association to ensure that everyone in your home is abiding by the regulations. They said they will stop but never do that again. Immensely difficult to enforce, thereby limiting its effectiveness: Jan 11, 2022 · MP Louis Ng makes another pitch for smoking at windows and balconies of homes to be made illegal But it is the only smoking cabin of its kind in a residential estate in Singapore and is not Q. Louis Ng Kok Kwang, MP for Nee Soon GRC, on the Adjournment Motion: Protection against secondhand smoke in our homes Some background on this Adjournment Motion: Introduction Sir, I was a smoker for 17 years. Consider heavy pots that can withstand strong winds. ft. Jul 25, 2023 · As mentioned in Part 1, published in last month’s community update, an association can prohibit smoking in the common elements/common areas by adopting a Rule. What do you do with neighbours who smoke in their balconies and the second hand smoke drifts into your house? Or worse into your bedroom when you are sleeping May 18, 2023 · Some homeowners feel that balconies are a waste, and would rather have that square footage go toward a bigger living room, bedroom, etc. " I live on the second floor of a two-story condominium building. . The proposal to impose a ban on smoking near windows and at balconies of HDB flats and private apartments had been discussed earlier in this House. Singapore National Stadium can be reached with a 4 km drive. In the absence of such a rule it would not be contrary to the tenancy agreement or law to smoke on a balcony. 14 If your landlord has prohibited smoking, you can ask in writing that the smoke-free policy be enforced. You should never trust your cats in that environment without taking proper measures to cat proof your balcony. As balconies come in different shapes and forms, soft cat safety net is the ideal material to adapt to different contours, handrail and cladding. Kwan Im Thong Hood Cho Temple and Bugis Junction are within 1. Feb 12, 2020 · Q: Can a condo prohibit smoking in the building except for owners? At the time, the rule was changed on the grounds that those owners cannot have the right to smoke taken away; even if the smoke I know a condo in Hillview area where residents present voted near unanimously during an AGM to ban smoking from balconies. Different provinces have different rules for smoking or vaping cannabis in a private residence. I went to ring his doorbell, pissed them right off. Fast forward to today, and smoking is prohibited in most public places. Medical marijuana complicates this issue even further. Balcony condos are a definite step up from the more affordable studio HDB. Even if you argue that you smoke by the bbq pit, when if there is a bbq the smoke is worse. Dec 28, 2022 · Sun Exposure — Consider how much sun exposure your balcony gets (E. 10m-0. This restriction, though, must exist within the governing documents of the association (CC&Rs or operating rules). The bylaw was passed and approved but residents later found out that the only way to enforce it is to bring the smoker to STB and then have to fork $500 upfront first. Rather affordable, for a condo that’s near town and within the one-kilometre enrolment distance of Raffles Girls’ School and Singapore Chinese Girls’ School. If the balconies and patios are limited common elements, then just like the common elements, the association can Dec 30, 2016 · Question: I just read the question you answered in one of your prior columns about a man wanting to smoke cigars in the common area of his condominium complex. This includes holding a lit or smoke-emitting cigarette or any other form of tobacco product. May 11, 2016 · Today on homify we are taking a look at balconies. It's common practice, not acceptable practice. Balcony flooring choices are numerous and diverse. Furniture Showcase. In our view, the new prohibition against smoking in restaurant and bar patios would not apply to condominium exclusive-use terraces and balconies as this new prohibition does not likely apply to areas which primarily form part Aug 22, 2019 · A cosy corner can be anywhere you want at home, but if you have a sunny balcony, having one there is always a great idea. 4. Succulents and palms benefit from a lot of sun, but ferns will die out) Wind Exposure — Can become an issue for homeowners living on high floors. Aug 24, 2017 · The Curtain Boutique, a leading Singapore Curtains and Blinds supplier, is proud to be an official authorised vendor of Ziptrak® in Singapore. If you’re looking to renovate your roof patio or enhance your balcony, our experienced and professional team is ready to serve you. Corp. What is the Legal Age for Smoking in Singapore? As of 1 January 2021, the minimum age for smoking in Singapore is 21 years old. 1 million. Balcony Tiling Singapore. A board may also prohibit smoking in limited common areas, which could include balconies attached to several units. When implementing your workspace, consider the direction of sunlight throughout the day and if it causes shadows or screen glare. For homes with slightly bigger balconies, you can even make alfresco dining a reality. Suite 1800 Ft. I'm not sure where you got the idea smoking at the balcony(or window) is acceptable practice. Doesn’t the Smoke Free Illinois Act or the Chicago Clean Indoor Air Ordinance prohibit smoking in the common areas of condominium buildings? Answer/Recommendation: The state law and city ordinance may prohibit smoking in some common areas but this has not been tested. That is about one person dying every single day. RH2S Deco Curtains. Smoking will be prohibited at all Condos With Balcony For Sale in Singapore : Buy from 4570+ HDB With Balcony in Singapore. Secondhand smoke. I quit because of what I’m going to talk about today. In Singapore, the legal age for smoking is 21 years old. Keep in mind that “smoking” can be classified as a “nuisance” in condo communities. However, a ban on smoking at windows and balconies is not necessarily the silver bullet solution A ban on smoking at windows and balconies would be: 1. An association may also want to prevent smoking on balconies and patios. To get help, Alberta In Alberta, cannabis smoking and vaping is allowed in most places I lived in a condo and my neighbor on the top floor smoked and I couldn't keep my balcony open at those times. Other stories you might like Oct 16, 2021 · I suggest BCA keep track of MCSTs with smoke-free by-laws going forward. Answer 51 of 64: Can some body please tell me if its ok to smoke in the streets of Singapore,any restrictions a smoker should be aware of. To be very honest, I did not quit for myself. also, if u're renting this condo your landlord can terminate the contract. Jun 1, 2016 · SINGAPORE - From Wednesday (June 1), reservoirs and more than 400 parks, including those in private and public housing estates, have been added to the list of smoke-free areas. Sep 14, 2021 · Singapore — The government should make it clear that smoking at windows and balconies at home is illegal, said Member of Parliament Louis Ng (PAP-Nee Soon) on Monday (Sept 13) in another pitch Dec 9, 2019 · In Wellington Condo. Jul 7, 2023 · Smoking in condos can lead to civil and criminal liability, with mixed results. 8 km away, while Changi International Airport is 14 km from the property. Know any apartments or condos that are okay with smoking on the balcony (ofcourse safely and not causing any ruckus or trouble). The management agent of the Meadows @ Peirce recently sent Sep 13, 2021 · SINGAPORE — It is not possible to prohibit smoking at windows and balconies as there isn’t an appropriate law in place and enforcement would be very challenging, said Senior Minister Sep 13, 2021 · SINGAPORE: Smoking at windows and balconies at home should be made illegal, said Member of Parliament Louis Ng (PAP-Nee Soon) on Monday (Sep 13) as he questioned why an existing law is not Oct 6, 2020 · SINGAPORE — A parliamentary committee is proposing that the Government ban people from smoking near windows and at the balconies of Housing and Development Board (HDB) flats and private Nov 2, 2021 · Mr Louis Ng Kok Kwang: To ask the Minister for Sustainability and the Environment (a) how many condominiums currently have by-laws prohibiting smoking at balconies, patios or windows; (b) what are the names of these condominiums; and (c) whether the Government has studied whether these by-laws have been effective at curbing the problem of We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Nov 25, 2020 · 1 East Broward Blvd. Balcony decking in Singapore comes in either solid wood material or composite wood material. As work from home arrangements get more common, repurposing your balcony into a study maximises this well-lit spot for productivity. A non-smoking bylaw can ban smoking in the strata lot as well as on common property and limited common property. As far as i know, weed is legal here in BC but not sure about the rules when it comes to smoking in a public area of an apartment authorizes landlords to prohibit smoking in multi-unit buildings, specifying in the lease areas where smoking is prohibited. Related Singapore Singapore (travel) Southeast Asia Travel Asia Place forward back. However, a rule can only limit or prohibit smoking on common property. Cannabis laws, including possession, buying and selling, and producing cannabis are complex and constantly changing. Courts have ruled both for and against nonsmokers in individual cases. Jan 4, 2021 · Today, the smoking prohibition has been extended to more than 32,000 places, including covered common areas right up to the doorstep of homes. For years, many residents have reached out to me about their neighbours smoking at balconies and at windows. ibzuxed fkuakik dcccawa rboi opqv scntkh ngdvz asr lhc utef